Economies covered

  • 2009-2010 Edition dr_dot2009-2010
  • 2007-2008 Edition dr_dot2007-2008
  • 2005-2006 Edition dr_dot2005-2006
  • 2003-2004 Edition dr_dot2003-2004

Click the dot to read the chapters. 

.af Afghanistan dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.au Australia dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.bd Bangladesh dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.bn Brunei Darussalam dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.bt Bhutan dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.cn China dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.hk Hong Kong dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.id Indonesia dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.in India dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.ir Iran dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006
.jp Japan dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.kh Cambodia dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.kp North Korea dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008

.kr South Korea
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.la Lao PDR
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.lk Sri Lanka
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.mm Myanmar
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.mn Mongolia
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.mo Macau
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.mv Maldives
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006
.my Malaysia
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.np Nepal
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.nz New Zealand
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.ph Philippines
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.pk Pakistan
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.sg Singapore
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.th Thaïland
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.tl / .tp Timor-Leste
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.tw Taiwan
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
.vn Vietnam
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006 dr_dot2003-2004
SAARC dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008
ASEAN
dr_dot2009-2010 dr_dot2007-2008 dr_dot2005-2006
APEC dr_dot2009-2010
dr_dot2005-2006

Distance Education in Asia Pacific

Article Index
Distance Education in Asia Pacific
The Need for Distance Education
ICT Usage in Asia Pacifica Distance Education
Current Priorities
A distinctly Asia Pacific Pedagogy
Appendix

Distance education in Asia Pacific

Jon Baggaley, Tian Belawati, and Naveed Malik

INTRODUCTION

The establishment of the National Extension Institute in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1963 recognized the principle of open education or open learning - that education should be made available to all with minimal restrictions (Perraton 2007). Distance education (DE) technologies have evolved rapidly since then to serve this principle. The open education model stresses the need for flexibility to eliminate barriers to education, such as age, geographic location, time constraints, and economic situation. Open and distance learning1 (ODL) combines the principles of open and flexible learning with DE methodology and uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) to achieve educational goals that conventional face-to-face methods cannot fulfil because of these barriers.

The same ICTs are used in DE across the Asia Pacific region as in the non-formal and basic education programs reviewed in other chapters in this edition of the Digital Review of Asia Pacific. The only functional difference is the formality of the information/communication process - that is, whether or not the messages conveyed lead to formal accreditation for a degree or diploma for example. The current chapter emphasizes the provision of formal, accredited ICT-based higher education, and excludes vocational education, corporate training, and the like. The chapter considers a range of pressing issues affecting Asian DE institutions, such as the lack of access to the Internet obstructing institutional attempts to pursue "e-learning" course delivery. The chapter also discusses the findings of current needs assessment and user and accessibility surveys conducted by the PAN Asia Networking Distance and Open Resource Access (PANdora) network (2005-2008) funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Special attention is given to developments in mobile phone usage for education and training in Asia Pacific. Finally, the need for a distinctively Asian approach to DE pedagogy is considered.



 

Add comment


Security code
Refresh